Unfortunately they are difficult to abridge and they don't follow formulaic diagrams. I'll attempt a rough explanation.

Like with Stoicism, neo-platonism is a lot of what Christianity ripped off as well- the first verse of the book of John isn't actually, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." as this is a bad translation. The actual word for "word" was Logos- one of Plato's forms. According to Plato this form was a realm of pure logic/reason that transcended our rules and it's easy to see how this became associated with the mystical.

However, many Mathematicians started to associate "logos" with mathematics itself. Newton and his contemporaries thought it was a "language of God" but they made a direct comparison between the two instead of "Logos"'s more esoteric definition. Here's the problem- along comes Einstein's best friend at Princeton, Kurt Godel. Godel publishes one of the most troubling proofs in the history of science that everyone to this day is trying to reconcile with and it's called Incompleteness Theorem. These are what is worth studying if you have the time and energy- in essence they say that Math is a self referential system and cannot be trusted. The implication of math itself being an emergent property of something deeper and more real is affirming of deeper reality since math largely works for our purposes and seems to make very accurate predictions about many things.

However Math itself has other cracks too and cannot predict everything. The advent of quantum theory proved that true random is a real thing in the physical universe and you cannot brute force an answer out of true random. Further complicating this picture of reality are various experiments demonstrate physical laws being "saved" by a degree of mathematical fatalism. An example of this being the Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser which preserves itself by literally doing retrocausality (sending information "back in time"). Things like this are arguments for what physicists call "elegance" where bizarre synchronicity and "glitches in the matrix" align. Elegance itself is difficult to wrap one's head around- you also see this in Euler's Identity which has all constituents of math contained in one equation; truly difficult to understand as there is no reason that should exist.

All of these things lend credence to a mystical deeper logos that manifests itself to us with things like math. The contradictions of logic and causality pointed out by Godel, Russel, Hilbert and others is the reason that most mathematicians are not formalists- but true platonists.

TLDR: It's universally accepted that our current architecture for science is severely limited and cannot be a complete picture of reality. That doesn't imply there is a god, but it almost guarantees that we're missing something.