The Marble install page has installers for Windows you can download and bring to another machine and links to the various Linux package managers where you can find direct downloads of the Linux packages for your system, such as the .deb package.

Doing this to install without Internet, would require you get all the dependency packages as well, but they should be listed and available too, although numerous. If you grabbed the source code of Marble, you'd still need the dependencies, either their source, or their development packages, to compile it. There is a Qt interface version of Marble, which may have less required dependencies if you aren't using a KDE desktop already. If you do have Internet, you can of course just do sudo apt-get install marble or sudo apt-get install marble-qt on Ubuntu/Debian flavors of Linux.

I've not tried Marble yet, but have it on my list now...but I suspect you will also need an Internet connection to download offline map tiles for your area, once installed. I'm not sure if they have an option to side load them, allowing you to download and archive the offline tiles to install later or on another machine.

FYI: Maps like this generally use "tiles" made up of a bunch of small square PNG images layout out in a grid. There is usually a whole set of images for each zoom level. This would be the "raster" tile approach, but vector maps are gaining traction, which more-so have defined geographical lines, points, and rectangles and text data, rather than images. This gives lots of analytical map opportunities, but is heavier on processing. Frequently, one uses the vector map data, that has bunch of color formatting styles and options applied, and then was pre-render to image tiles for use, like is mostly the case for end use of Open Street Maps' user generated map data.