I don't see how the doctor argument is invalid at all. So if that person is admitted and doesn't graduate, she just wasted resources and time that could have been used for someone more capable that can graduate and can become a doctor.

is not the same thing as

I don't want my doctor to have been admitted to medical school only thanks to to his ethnicity, with lower scores than others that were not admitted.

I don't have the interests of low performers at heart when I want high performers to get the privilege they're applying for and that they deserve.

And maybe AA is outdated, maybe we have made enough progress where it's unnecessary. But it doesn't really seem like it from where I'm sitting.

And I think there's a difference between forcing people to give the chronically overlooked a chance, and forcing them to keep incompetent students/contractors/musicians. Except I guess maybe in Europe where they pretty much can't get rid of people for any reason.