https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6309949/

Despite higher levels of parenting stress for same-sex parents, their offspring did not differ in general health, emotional difficulties, coping behavior, or learning behavior when compared to the offspring of different-sex parents. This suggests that other factors may have mitigated the negative effects of parenting stress on child outcomes. In the U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study (NLLFS), a community-based survey initiated in 1986 to provide prospective data on a cohort of lesbian parent families, 41% of adolescent offspring described experiences of stigmatization associated with their mothers’ sexual orientation. Although these experiences were associated with more problem behavior, adolescents who had close, positive relationships with their mothers demonstrated more resilience in response to stigmatization. Studies have also shown that lesbian mothers have concerns about rearing their children in a homophobic society, and feel more pressure to justify the quality of their parenting than their heterosexual counterparts. As a result, lesbian mothers use support systems such as parenting groups and counseling services in their efforts to foster healthy child development. Since the NSCH17 did not contain specific questions about stigmatization based on household type, future investigations might explore whether the cultural spotlight on child outcomes in same-sex parent families is associated with increased parenting stress.