Bolshevism, Stalinism, Jewry, Zionism and 200 Years Together

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Lenin himself referred to this circumstance:

What rendered a large service to the revolution was the fact that because of the war a significant number of Jews, who belonged to the mid-level intelligentsia, had relocated to the large Russian cities. Only because of this reserve of well-trained and more or less prudent and intelligent new civil servants could we succeed in taking over the state apparatus thoroughly remaking it.

And Solzhenitsyn adds:

From the first day, the Bolsheviks brought Jews into the Soviet power apparatus — some in directing positions, others as implementers It was in any case a mass phe- nomenon. Thousands of Jews streamed [in late 1917 and in 1918] into the Bolshevik ranks, since they saw in them the most decisive representatives of revolution, the most reliable internationalists, and they formed the majority of the lower layers of the party structure.

The creation of a Jewish commissariat in 1918 reflected this. It was designed to become a center for the Jewish communist movement. 150 Its task consisted of putting the new urban Jews into the service of communism and smashing all the old organizational structures of conservative Jewry in Russia. The consequence was that an important segment of their leaders crossed over to the Bolsheviks.

Stalin later ordered the cruel persecution of these same leaders. But as early as 1920 the Jewish-dominated Cheka presidium prohibited all Zionist [i.e. "striving for a Jewish homeland in Palestine"] organizations as "counterrevolutionary" and locked up all the participants in the spring 1920 All-Russian Zionist Conference in Moscow.

In the widely cast demonization campaign of the Bolsheviks, which targeted the aristocracy, the rich, state officials, the "hired hands of capitalism " officers, priests, monks, nuns, farmers (the "kulaks") and all the other "auxiliaries of czarism ," the once lowly Jews ended up as the only category that did not make the list. And so they could give the new "purgers" a boost, which however came across to others, who knew them as a previously outcast people, as overzealous and unscrupulous. This is how they acted. It may be that they encountered the other, the goyim, dehumanizing him because of the tenets of their religion, preserved among themselves, however, an unusual level of co-operation.

So it was surely no coincidence that the secret services Cheka and GPU, brutal from the outset and given unrestricted authority, used Jewish regional directors (primarily in Petrograd, Moscow, Odessa and Kiev) to implement force to an extraordinary extent, aside from the Pole Felix Dzerzhinsky, who had undergone 1 1 years of czarist banishment.

An investigation published in 1999 in Moscow revealed:

In Kiev, Isaac Schwartz assumed the direction of the 10-member Kiev Cheka collective. Initially seven of its members were Jewish. The Cheka personnel in Ukraine — with Ukrainians being 80% of the population — was 75% of Jewish origin.

If as late as 1934, with a Jewish population percentage of approximately 2%, fully 39%) of the top officials of the secret services came from Jewish families — yet from Russian families only 36% — history is entitled to speak of a Jewish supremacy in the secret services. This supremacy was smashed only by Stalin [Solzhenitsyn adds that on January 1, 1938 their percentage was 27% and on July 1, 1939 a mere 4%.— Ed.].

And who were its victims? Solzhenitsyn says:

. . . [T]he innumerable shooting victims, those who were sunk in whole ships, the hostages and prisoners . . . the officers were Russians, the nobles were Russians, the zemstvo members were Russians, and the farmers who did not want to go into the Red Army and were dragged out of the forests, Russians.

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Bela Kun

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Bela_Kun_%28cropped%29.png

Pictured here is Bela Kun (the former Aaron Cohn, a Hungarian national). He proclaimed the dictatorship of the proletariat on March 21, 1919 in Budapest. After the bloody rule and collapse of his Soviet republic on August 1 , 1 91 9, he went to Russia and took part (after 1 920) as a member of the Revolutionary War Council in the Russian civil war and spent many years participating in Bolshevik "purges," to which, just in the Crimea, 60,000-70,000 people fell victim. In 1935 he rose to become a delegate to the Comintern— and on November 30, 1939 was himself executed.

Jewish Commissars: Continued

Even the intelligentsia [well-educated class] that was opposed to antisemitism, as well as of course the members of the Orthodox church, were Russian. Besides this, all active anti-Semites were considered outlaws, i.e. they could be shot out of hand, "they too all being Russians." 157 Even Pravda published an appeal by the workers in Arkhangelsk:

Everywhere we see that only the Russian-Orthodox churches are being defiled, desecrated and robbed, but not the Jewish synagogues. . . . Deaths by hunger and disease carry off hundreds of thousands of innocent Russian lives, but the Jews do not die of hunger and disease.

Solzhenitsyn elaborates in his The Jews in the Soviet Union:

In the USSR the persecution inflicted on Christians exceeded anything that ever happened in the past in both cruelty and extent. However one may not burden this entirely on the Jews, but their influence may not be played down either.

In the eyes of the Whites [the right-wing anti-Bolsheviks] all this promptly and naturally revealed authentic proof of the fusion of Jewry and the Bolsheviks.

Even observers from America paid tribute to the dynamic role of the Jews in Bolshevism. ... In the upward momentum of the October phase many Jews still spoke with proudly erect heads of their activities for Bolshevism. . . . The participation of the Jews in the revolution and in the civil war went even beyond their extraordinary participation in the government; it was far more extensive even than that."

Inadvertently a photo taken at a meeting of the presidium of the Petrograd Soviet after the October Revolution was published. Jews formed the absolute majority at the presidium table.

In retrospect, one may use the words of the Zionist Arno Lustiger:

It is no injustice to identify Bolshevism with the Jews. Three of five members of the "Committee for the Revolutionary Defense of Petrograd" were Jews: Uritsky, Goldstein and Drabkin. The chairman of the Soviet there was Trotsky, later Zinoviev and Uritsky, all Jews. Of the eight members of the "Revolutionary War Council of the Republic," five are Jews: Trotsky, Sklyansky, Gussiev, Kamenev and Unshlikht. The first head of state of the Soviet republic was Jacob Sverdlov, a Jew.

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Solzhenitsyn says:

"the role of the Jews was particularly remarkable in the agencies responsible for the food supply."

According to Solzhenitsyn, they implemented directives such as these:

Food requisitioning must be carried out without consideration for the consequences, including the seizure of all the entire grain in a village. The producer is only allowed the hunger ration. In putting together the units that requisitioned the farmers' food they hired former criminal offenders and antisocial elements who had no problem with beating the farmers. 164 The all too open participation of the Jews in the Bolshevik fury directs the eyes of the Russians and of the whole world upon us.

I.O. Levin affirmed in his writings on the communist revolutions in Hungary and Bavaria after WWI that the flood of Jews into the Bolshevik camp had hardly anything to do with any preceding suffering. Solzhenitsyn explains:

In both countries the number of Jews who took part in the Bolshevik regime was enormous. In Bavaria, we find among the commissars the Jews Levine, Levien, Axelrod, the anarchist ideologue Landauer and Ernst Toller. . . . In Hungary Jews represented up to 95% of the leaders in the Bolshevik movement. . . . The legal status of the Jews was excellent in Hungary. For a long time there had been no legal restrictions. On the contrary, the Jews enjoyed a position that could tempt anti-Semites to speak of Jewish supremacy in the cultural and economic life of Hungary.

One should add that these were the conditions in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy of the time, and similar conditions also prevailed to a large extent in Imperial Germany. . . .

Josef Stalin, Vladimir Lenin and Mikhail Kalinin

https://s14-eu5.startpage.com/cgi-bin/serveimage?url=https%3A%2F%2Fc8.alamy.com%2Fcomp%2FB9PJDB%2Fjosef-stalin-right-vladimir-lenin-center-and-mikhail-kalinin-right-B9PJDB.jpg&sp=c3926f3c667dbd3acfaf37f0c2a34512

(photo from the 8th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, March 1919). The second party program, adopted at its 8th Congress, was aimed at "the maximum centralization of production, simultaneously striving to establish a unified economic plan." In their commentary on this program, Bukharin and Preobrazhensky explained what lay behind this phrase. They stated that under communism, "society will be transformed into a huge working organization for cooperative production. There will then be neither disintegration of production nor anarchy of production....

No longer will one enterprise compete with another; the factories, workshops, mines and other productive institutions will all be subdivisions, as it were, of one vast people's workshop, which will embrace the entire national economy of production This is how the organization of communist production will be effected." In other words, Big Brother would control everything.

Jewish Commissars: Continued Two

Solzhenitsyn recognized the international situation correctly in his remarks regarding the Zionists of the east coast of the U.S., who, independent of Russian events, used their power in 1 9 1 9 at the Versailles "peace treaty" — which they ignored — to set forth to bring all Western traditions crashing down. His comments:

That which united all those insurgent — and also many Jews on the other side of the ocean — was a sudden flaming up of unchecked revolutionary internationalist fervor, a stormy urge for revolution that they wanted to carry out as a "world revolution" or even "permanent revolution."

The rapid advancement of the Jews in the Bolshevik administration naturally did not remain unnoticed among Jews in Europe and in the U.S. and called forth, shamefully, nothing but joyful approval.

Solzhenitsyn wrote, referring to Jewish sources, once again on the immigrants from the US: "Especially the many Jews . . . these people displayed a brutality and rigorousness in Russia with their repressive measures against the middle class [that provoked discussion even in the U.S. Senate — Ed.]:

They only speak the Russian language badly. The people over whom they had seized power was strange to them, and they behaved like conquerors in a defeated country. Whereas in czarist Russia, Jews were not given any important positions, and schools and the civil service were closed to them, there were Jews everywhere in the Soviet republics in every committee and commissariat. Often they changed their Jewish names into Russian ones. But this masquerade could not deceive anybody. Vol. II, Jews in the Soviet Union, p. Ill]

Solzhenitsyn also refers to an article by the then war minister of the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill of February 1920 in The London Illustrated Sunday Herald:

And now at last this band of extraordinary personalities from the underground of the great cities of Europe and America has gripped the Russian people by the hair of their heads and has become practically the undisputed master of that enormous [Russian] empire.

In this connection, Solzhenitsyn mentions that the British intervention troops in the Baku area "shot 26 Bolshevik commissars on September 20, 1918 in Baku in the desert on the Caspian Sea, without this exciting the slightest interest on the part of the world public."

It never bothered the many humanitarian moral apostles of the Western world that "the English were in a hurry to occupy the oil fields of Baku." The authors of the anthology Russia and Russian Jewry, G. Aronson and I.M. Bikermann, confessed in 1924 their worry:

Naturally it is clear that not all Jews are Bolsheviks, and not all Bolsheviks are Jews, but it does not take long to prove how excessively, and above all how over-zealously, Jews took part in the abuse of the half-dead Russia by the Bolsheviks. . . . The Russian people have never before experienced Jews in power. Now, however, one experiences them at every step and turn, and their power is brutal and unlimited One must understand the psychological reaction of the Russians when they feel themselves suddenly exposed to the power of this whole rotten scum, with its arrogance and crudity, its self-centeredness and churlish behavior.

When in 1929 the forced collectivization of agriculture was introduced, which led to at least 6 million dead by programmed famine, although it was ordered by Stalin it was carried out by a variegated team of Jewish communist executioners. Solzhenitsyn tells us in The Jews in the Soviet Union:

In the national planning authority "Gosplan'' Stalin maintained the previous Jewish majority. Of course J. Larin was among them, [the founder of the economics of "war communism" — Ed.] and one of the leading lights and theoreticians of collectivization. Levi Krizman began functioning in 1928 as the director of the Agricultural Institute and from 1931-1933 he was the Deputy Chairman of the Gosplan. . . .

Jacob-Levi-Epstein was the head of the People's Agricultural Commissariat. . . . Afterward [around the end of of 1929] he led the "Great Reform" the collectivization attack, which affected millions, along with the eager fill- fillers of his plan.

[He] belonged, together with M. Kalmanovich to the highest Government Council for Work and Defense (whose composition is nearly completely mentioned with Stalin, Molotov, Mikoyan, Orjonikidse and Voroshilov).

S. Margolina writes in her book Das Ende der Liigen [The End of the Lies — Ed.]:

Besides this, at the end of the 1920s not a few Jewish communists began showing up for the first time out in the flat country as military commanders and as lords of life and death. It was only over the course of the collectivization that the picture of the Jew as the hated enemy of the farmer was formed — even in areas where no one had ever previously seen a Jew face-to-face.

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Solzhenitsyn takes a stand against the view that it there was merely a Jewish "layer of implementers" and stresses instead that "Jews also belonged in no small measure to the dominant class of that time," which, after 1937/38, and centered in the large cities, kept the whole enormous country under lock and key, ever forgetting to put forth that the exponent of their idea, Karl Marx, was "the creative genius behind the ideas for the communist liberation of mankind."

The "pitiless and disastrous" Lazar Kaganovich, a member after 1930 of the Politburo and head of the Central Committee's Control Commission, and after the mid-19308 CC Secretary, was co-responsible for the forced collectivization of agriculture and for the great purges of 1934-1938.

Solzhenitsyn says that:

"outside of Stalin, he was the only one at this height."

175 His three brothers in high positions also received Solzhenitsyn's mention. The press, the political administration of the Red Army and the guidance of the Komsomol [the communist youth organization] lay in Jewish hands.

The eight Jewish people's commissars in 1936 were also not forgotten:

  • Maxim Litvinov = people's commissar of the exterior;

  • Genrikh Yagoda = people's commissar of the interior (1934 -1936; shot on March 15, 1938 in Moscow);

  • Nicolas Y. Yeshov = people's commissar of the interior after September 27, 1936. His deputy, M. Berman, remained at the same time the head of the national punishment camp administration, the Gulag. His staff of collaborators was ethnically as one may expect. Yeshov was liquidated at the end of of 1938; his successor was Beria.

  • Lazar Kaganovich = people's commissar for railways;

  • A. Rosenholts = people's commissar for foreign trade;

  • I.J. Weizer = people's commissar for domestic trade;

  • M. Kalmanovich = people's commissar for the sovkhoses (state properties);

  • L.J. Lyubimov = people's commissar for light industry;

  • G. Kaminsky = people's commissar for the health service;

  • S. Belenky = chairman of the Committee for Soviet Control.

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As Solzhenitsyn says in The Jews in the Soviet Union:

We find many Jewish names in the same cabinet on the level of the different Deputy People's Commissars for finances, radio and telecommunication systems, railways, river transport, agriculture, forestry, foodstuffs, education and law. The most important deputy people's commissars were Y. Gamarnik (defense), A. Gurevich (who made a crucial contribution to the setting-up of the metallurgical industry in the USSR) and Simeon Ginsburg (heavy industry, later people's commissar for the building industry, then for armaments factories.

Solzhenitsyn also found many Jews in leading positions locally: for example, working as first secretaries on the area committee ruling the Volga Germans and on regional committees in the Far East. 177 Two hundred thousand starving, poorly clothed workers were used to enlarge the Kusnezker Kombinat [Kusnezker Collective Combine, in the Urals — Ed.]. The control of this hell was in the hands of S. Frankfuter and then I. Epstein.

Bolshevik Uprisings in Post-WWI Germany

At the Comintern congresses in Moscow one met the elite of the Jewish communists of Soviet Russia." (More than one page of names follows in Solzhenitsyn 's book of Jewish names from Russia and numerous other countries.)

Motto of the Comintern chairman Zinoviev: "It is not crucial whether we hang the class enemies illegally or legally. 178 . . . The communist parties and also the secret apparatus of the Comintern were substantially shaped by Eastern European "Red assimilators" in a whole set of countries.

When in 1919 the leaders of the KPD [the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, "Communist Party of Germany" — Ed.], namely Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, were murdered after their failed Spartacist uprising, their successor was Paul Levi. August Thalheimer took over the editorship of Die Rote Fahne ("The Red Flag"); its editorship was "mainly Jewish." [Jewish Bolshevism — Myth and Reality, p. 165] Adolf Yoffe, the first Soviet ambassador to Berlin, made his Central European location into "the headquarters of the revolution." ["Jewish Bolshevism— Myth and Reality," p. 127]

Leo Flieg ran until 1932 the secretariat of the "Org" office of the CC of the KPD, and at the same time administered, as an agent of the Comintern, the financing in the millions of revolution that flowed from Moscow to the Soviet embassy in Berlin, as Solzhenitsyn points out, "for the setting up of a Red Army arranged into proletarian 'hundreds' [groups of 100, a concept from ancient Rome], designed to conquer power in Germany according to a guerrilla concept." 180

All of them were ethnic foreigners, just as were the KPD Comintern comrades Ruth Fischer, Heinz Neumann and, among others, Arkadi Maslov (born Isaac Chemeringsky in Russia) of the German CC and Politburo. The same is true of the internationally operating communist press baron Willi Miinzenberg, the GPU boss for Western Europe Ignaz Reiss and the "Red Chapel" boss Leopold Trepper, who, out of his Brussels location, ran Moscow's European espionage operations and prepared himself early on for his future tasks in World War II.

His confession:

"I became a communist because I am a Jew."

As Solzhenitsyn tells us in his The Jews in the Soviet Union:

At the beginning of 1919 the communist "Councils" (in German, Rate), led mainly led by Jews in Berlin and Munich, carried out their first armed rebellions and, in the KPD at that time, the portion of Jewish activists was disproportionately high, although the Jewish municipality did not particularly support this party . . . .

The rebellion in Munich was led by a Jew with a bohemian exterior, the theater critic Kurt Eisner. He was murdered. . . .

G. Landauer, Ernst Toller, E. Muhsam and O. Neurath pro- claimed their new government of leftist Jewish intellectuals in Munich the "Bavarian Soviet Repub- lic." One week later this "republic" fell to a still more radical group,which proclaimed itself the "Second Bavarian Soviet Republic," at the head of which stood one Eugene Levine. . . .

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The fact that the leaders of these communist rebellions, suppressed by the army and the volunteer Freikorps, had been Jews was one of the most important causes for the revival of political anti-Semitism in the Germany of the [post-WWI] revolutionary period.

In any case, members of this minority of 0.7% of the German population became 10% of the KPD parliamentary group in the German parliament, the Reichstag, by 1925.

This supplemented the significant effect of American Jewry on Germany as part of the Versailles policies of the WWI victors after 1919. One may note the word "revival," meaning that there was no serious political antisemitism in the imperial (Kaiser) Germany of 1870-1918.

What Solzhenitsyn forgot to mention was that from the outset the CPSU and the Comintern, under the direction of Grigory Zinoviev, affected incessantly the revolts after 1918 in Central Europe with organizational assistance, personnel and weapons. (Of Zinoviev, ne Radomyslsky, Solzhenitsyn comments "only thieves concealed their names and used pseudonyms.")

By 1923, Zinoviev had already picked out, according to Solzhenitsyn, "the future cabinet members of Soviet Germany. A significant group was selected from among various Russian Soviet functionaries, which were to be the core of the future German Soviet of People's Commissars. He listed the economic cadres . . . the military ... the Comintern functionaries and some leading GPU coworkers.

Pravda published almost at the same time [1923] some poetic verses about a Germany in flames."

And this nameless chosen one, at that time among the revolutionaries on the Bolsheviks' Central Committee enunciated calmly the following "modest" objective at the Xlth Party Congress of the CPSU (from March 27-April4, 1922):

We possess the monopoly on legality. We have refused political liberty to our opponents. We do not permit anyone who wants to compete with us to legally exist. . . . The dictatorship of the proletariat is — as Comrade Lenin says — a very cruel thing. In order to ensure the victory of the dictatorship of the proletariat, we cannot avoid the need to snap the spines of all opponents of this dictatorship.

Solzhenitsyn then swivels over to Hungary, a country of which he notes: "The Jews had lived substantially more prosperously than other Eastern European co-religionists and had enjoyed substantially more success in their careers in Hungarian society" This, Solzhenitsyn points out, would have been some- thing to appreciate about the tolerant Austro-Hungarian monarchy:

The Jews had played a very considerable role in the revolutionary uprisings in Russia and Germany, but their role in Hungary was truly a leading one. ... Of the 49 people's commissars, fully 3 1 were Jews; the primary per- son among them was Bela Kun, the minister of foreign affairs who was in fact the head of the government; one and a half years later [after the collapse of his uprising in Hungary and his departure] he was to inundate the Crimea with blood.

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MIKHAIL IVANOVICH KALININ

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C._%D0%98._%281920%29.jpg/439px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C._%D0%98._%281920%29.jpg

Kalinin was an early and close collaborator with Lenin and Stalin. He defended Germany— propagandistically for strictly tactical reasons— against the Versailles Treaty, which violated international law. He served from 1919 until his death in 1946 as Soviet head of state, president of the Executive Committee of the CPSU and (beginning in 1938) was chairman of the Executive Committee of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. He was among the co-signatories of the order to shoot the 15,000 captured Polish officers in April - May 1940. In 1945, the German provincial capital of East Prussia, Koenigsberg, was renamed Kaliningrad after this Russian collaborator in Bolshevik crimes.

Emigration — Between the Wars

Among the 1.16 million Russian emigrants who escaped the civil war conditions that existed after 1917 were more than 200,000 Jews. Of them, most turned to Poland, Germany and France for refuge while some sought admission into Palestine, the U.S., Canada and the countries of South America. They did not play their own independent political role, but instead were integrated into the general trends coming out of New York that were steered by international Zionism.

While one important participant in the creation of the Red Army, E. M. Sklyansky, built up a reputation in Moscow as "the greatest of the diamond dealers," Mrs. Zinoviev, Slata Bernstein-Lilina, attempted unsuccessfully a border crossing into Lithuania; the would-be emigre was carrying "jewels valued at several tens of thousands of millions of rubles [several billion dollars — Ed]."

The comment of Solzhenitsyn:

"With all this, we are still attached to the legend that the first revolutionary leaders were self-less idealists."

In the Western world, in the meantime, equating Bolshevism with Jewry was becoming "the usual European thinking of the time," as Solzhenitsyn put it.

Perhaps in 1922 Dr. Pasmanik was too hasty in his opinions, but he wrote:

In the whole civilized world, in all nations and the members of all social classes and political parties, the belief has become stronger that the Jews have played a crucial role in the emergence of Bolshevism and all its formations. Our personal experience has showed us the fact that not only avowed anti-Semites are attached to this opinion but . . . representatives of public opinion in the democracies are pointing to hard facts, i.e. to the role of the Jews in the Bolshevik movement, not only in Russia, but also in Hungary, Germany and everywhere else where Bolshevism has appeared.

This opinion was fed by the unreserved support for Bolshevism on the part of American Jewry. There Solzhenitsyn saw prevailing "the opinion that the fall of the Bolsheviks in Russia inevitably would entail for the Jews the danger of a new, bloody wave of pogroms and of massive loss of life. . . . With this in mind, Bolshevism is preferred as the lesser evil."

It certainly would have been more meaningful to admit that:

  • A heavy-consciousness of guilt was in play in considering a change of power,

  • Certain power objectives and expectations about building up a dangerous eastern front against Germany militated for a positive international reevaluation and strengthening of Soviet might.

When Stalin began with his elimination of Trotsky and his close collaborators — the "Trotskyites" [A renown Trotskyite, Iriwin Kristol, father of William “Bill” Kristol was the shaper of the neoconservative movement that would form in the mid 20th century] — and his party began more or less obviously to "purge" Jews, "and anti- Jewish tendencies in the USSR were echoed in the pages of the Soviet press," this did not overly agitate the "holy warriors" on the east coast of the USA, who otherwise were "anxious about the fate" of every mistreated Jew in foreign countries. Their calculation was to use the USSR as a power factor against Germany and therefore to sacrifice their ethnic brothers whom Stalin was executing, and the fate of the German Jews was also unimportant.

Even in 1939, on the eve of World War II, "it cannot be denied that feeling among the Russian Jews abroad was to set their hopes in the inviolability of the Soviet dictatorship. . . ." Jewish public opinion in the whole world thus turned against Russia and in favor of the Bolsheviks."

The correct conclusion is drawn by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: "[The fact] that in the Jewish milieu Bolshevism was favored affected the general course of events in Europe. What more need be said?

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EPHRAIM SKLYANSKY

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Sklyansky.jpeg

Ephraim Sklyansky (a physician from a Jewish family) was a pitiless deputy of Trotsky in the Revolutionary War Council. He created the Red Army together with Trotsky and Sverdlov, and participated with General Tukhachevsky and the regional Cheka head Lev Levin in ruthlessly crushing the farmer uprisings. He "drowned" (many believe he was killed at the behest of Stalin) in 1925 during a mission to the U.S.

Stalin: The World's Worst Mega-murderer

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Stalin_Full_Image.jpg

Josef Stalin is notorious for millions of political murders, 13 million of which were in the terror famine. Victims of the terror famine were chiefly located in the Ukraine and the Kuban steppe. One of the blood purges was against the so-called "Doctors Plot." Many of the doctors were Jews, as were many other victims of Stalinist purges. However, most victims of Stalin and communism were non-Jews. Different authorities give various figures for the numbers of people killed by Stalin. I.G. Dyadkin estimates 56 to 62 million "unnatural deaths" for the USSR overall, with 34 to 49 million under Stalin. Norman Davies refers to 50 million killed during 1924-53, excluding WWII war losses. This would divide (more or less) into 33 million killed prewar and 17 million after 1939. William Cockerham claims 50 million-plus. Roy Medvedev says 40 million. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn says 60 million. A median figure would be 51 million for the entire Stalin era— 20 million during the 1 930s. The Soviet Union and communist China appear to be the greatest megamurderers of all history, apparently killing at least 100 million people. Stalin is responsible for at least 43 million of these. Most of the deaths, perhaps around 39 million, are due to lethal forced labor in gulag and transit thereto. Communist China up to 1 987, but mainly from 1949 through the "cultural revolution," which alone may have seen over 1 million murdered, is the second worst megamurderer. Then there are the lesser communist megamurderers, such as North Korea, Tito's Yugoslavia and the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia. In sum, the communists probably have murdered somewhere around 110 million, or near two-thirds of all those killed by all governments and others from 1900 to 1987. Shockingly, the world total is several times the 38 million that have been killed in all last century's international and domestic wars.

Jews Fell Under the Bolshevik Steamroller Too

Under Lenin's "New Economic Policy" (NEP) of 1920, which persisted until 1927 and allowed certain areas of free trade and business, the Jews of Russia, due to their often good relations with foreign authorities and relief organizations, assumed a privileged position in comparison with the rest of the population in terms of trade and starting new enterprises. In order to stimulate donations and investments from the American- Jewish bourgeoisie, the commissars in Moscow also developed a "generous" resettlement program. According to Solzhenitsyn:

Initially, the plans provided for the resettlement of approximately 100,000 families, or about 20% of the whole Jewish population of the USSR, into the southern Ukraine and into the north of the Crimea. It was intended to establish new, Jewish national districts. But many refused the opportunities this presented to go into agriculture despite their continuing unemployment. About half of all Jews who said they were willing to be resettled actually took up residence in the villages of the new colonies. In Ukraine and in Belarus about 455,000 hectares [1,756 sq. mi.] were made available for Jewish colonization and in the Crimea 697,000 hectares [2,691 sq. mi.].

Actually between 1919 and 1923 more than 23,000 Jews . . . established themselves on lands now standing empty in the proximity of the shtetls and cities of the former Jewish settlement counties [to which they had been confined by the czars]."

Even Jewish journalists abroad found the whole procedure immoral, since the reassigned lands had been expropriated from the former owners. Those were sitting in prison, had been deported into banishment or had already been shot.

But at the beginning of the 1930s, when [the government] tried to take away their gold and valuable jewelry . . . practically the whole male Jewish population became familiar with the interior of the prisons of the GPU. Even in their worst nightmares under the czars, Jewish traders could not have imagined undergoing such things. In order to free themselves from the status of the "persons without rights," many Jewish families moved . . . into the large cities The traders were forced to close their businesses.

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Even the Jewish agriculture program remained practically without lasting effect, because the collectivization of agriculture after 1927 expropriated the new Jewish settlers again, merging under the slogan "internationalization" the Jewish kolchoses with the non- Jewish ones.

As compensation, so to speak, the committee for the land settlement of Jewish labor devised a project to resettle Jews in general to Birobijan, an area as large as Switzerland and located between two tributaries of the Amur River and the Chinese border — in any case, far away from the real centers of power and Western Zionist influences. But there was no escaping from the Bolsheviks' pro-grams to strip people of all ownership and property. One sentence of Solzhenitsyn 's is revelatory: the Bolsheviks were luring Jews at that time into resettling in Birobijan with the bait that this would protect them from falling into the status of "persons without rights."

The author describes what awaited them there:

The families, sent off with excessive haste, arrived on location and were horrified at the conditions they saw. ... In the first work year only 25 farm-houses were built and only 125 hectares tilled, on none of which seed was sow for the next year. Many did not remain for a long time in Birobijan Of those who arrived over the course of the whole year of 1928 more than half had abandoned Birobijan by February 1929.

Parallel with the structural changes of 1937, which saw the final end of [Lenin's] "New Economic Policy," within the Communist Party the overzealous Jewish committees and Jewish sections of various agencies that had existed since 1918 also were dissolved, whereby "all national forms of expression of Russian Jewry, including communist outlets, were lost."

Solzhenitsyn from The Jews in the Soviet Union:

Nevertheless, the closing of the Yevsektsia [Bolshevik Russian word for "Jewish sections"] did not excessively discourage many of the former section members and other Jewish socialists They remained in the party and state apparatus and, above all else, this large number of energetic Jews in the civil service is what the people saw.

No matter whether one describes all this with statistics or with a wealth of specific examples, it is not to be denied that a powerful wave of Jews washed into the Soviet bureaucracy of these years. And this was a state where freedom of speech, freedom of trade and freedom of religion were suppressed, not to mention basic human dignity.

In any case, the Jewish culture of the USSR, which should properly be designated as "Soviet, proletarian culture in the Yiddish language" was, in Solzhenitsyn's words, "entirely crushed and plowed under." The autonomous Soviet-Jewish school programs also collapsed. Jewish historiography and the Jewish press also shrank substantially between 1928 and 1930, and as early as 1919 the Hebrew language, the rival of Yiddish, was shoved into the category of the counter-revolutionary.

Solzhenitsyn says:

By 1923 only two Zionist organizations were permitted in the Soviet Union. ... In the spring of 1924 there were so many arrests (although they were brief) and sentences ["only between three and 10 years camp detention, afterward reduced] that it reached epidemic proportions. Afterward the [Zionists] went underground — and this underground movement was finally smashed only at the end of the 1920s. . . . Some of the Zionists remained in detention or in banishment.

Quoting Solzhenitsyn: "[Jewish writers deplored later those] immoral, thoughtless and shameless people [from their own ranks in the service of Bolshevism who had torn down] valuable, admired and honored things in Judaism" and left behind poverty, suffering as well as hopelessness. 203 This also concerned — with exceptions — synagogues, prayer shawls, Torah scrolls, prayer books and religious writings. 204 Solzhenitsyn says:

Young Jewish writers and poets expressed their enthusiasm over empty synagogues, lonely rabbis who had no more students to instruct, and rascals from the shtetls who turned into feared Red commissars.

Within four years, from 1928 to 1931, 138,000 officials were removed from public service, and of them 23,000 were classified under the category "enemies of Soviet power" and lost their "citizen rights." . . . From January 1930 to June 1931 in the Donets region 48% of all engineers were dismissed or arrested. 206 Those affected were allegedly "sabotage specialists."

When Stalin thrust himself forward after the death of Lenin on January 21, 1924 to the apex of the Bolshevik Party, he had undoubtedly recognized that he faced a powerful phalanx of Jewish functionaries who stuck closely together and that he would have to skillfully divide them if he wished to not be ground up between them.

First, starting from 1925 he began to gradually push Trotsky out of office along with his usually young Jewish functionaries under the strategic slogan (used at first for tactical anti-Trotsky reasons) of "socialism in one country" [build up the Soviet Union's industry and military might first] versus Trotsky's notion of "permanent world revolution." Then, after a sensation-causing show trial in 1935 he had G.J. Zinoviev (formerly Apfelbaum) and Levi Kamenev (formerly Rosenfeld) liquidated. By this time the numbers of top Jewish personnel in the party machinery began to noticeably thin 207 — although, as Solzhenitsyn says,

"the purges of the years 1930-1933 had been aimed primarily at Russian elements in the party."

The "cleansing waves" (purges) initiated by Stalin in the years 1937- 1938 also brought down many Jews. It was only the publication of the biographic volumes of the new Russian Jewish Encyclopedia and the Great Jewish National Biography that has made known to us today so very many names, and affiliations with Jewry, of once prominent Jewish Chekists, GPU and NKVD personnel, officers of the Red Army, party officials and diplomats.

Stalin's "purges" (the glorifying word used for extermination that the "Western press" immediately adopted as their own) not only had a tremendous and lasting effect on the party, but also on the entire state apparatus, including the highest governing bodies.

Even if they were not targeting people in an anti-Semitic way, nevertheless they even-handedly and in a hard-to-understand way, without revealing their governing principle, affected a large number of active communist Jews.

There was no reaction in Russia or abroad to this wave of elimination of Jews. Stalin could apparently permit himself anything without losing his international reputation as the "little father of the paradise of workers and farmers."

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Solzhenitsyn tells us:

The commanders of the Red Army also came in great number under the steamroller. In the summer of 1938, without exception, all the commanders of the military districts who had taken up these posts in the year 1937 had disappeared without a trace. The political administration of the Red Army suffered its largest losses during the personnel destruction campaign of 1937 after the terrorized Gamarnik [People's Commissar for Defense] committed suicide. In terms of the political collaborators, all 17 army commissars died, 25 of 28 corps commissars and 34 of 36 brigade and division commissars. We can recognize in the lists now published of the military commanders shot in 1937-38 a considerable percentage of Jews.

Solzhenitsyn presents a long list of prominent Jewish names in the Soviet party, diplomacy, economy and military, including their specific careers up to high military leadership positions that they occupied through 1941. Another victim was the civil war terrorist and later front commander Gre- gory Stern, who in March 1939, before the XVIIIth Party Congress, had overeagerly announced:

Together, we have destroyed a little heap of all sorts of crap — all these Tukhachevskys (Michael N., Marshal, Deputy War Commissar), Gamarniks (Defense Commissar), Uborevichs (Ieronim), general, military commander of the Belarus region) and similar low-lifes.

Another one who did not escape the Cheka firing squad was the Red Spain fighter and later commander as well as inspector of the Red air fleet Jacob Smushkevich. They all had certainly worked their way up the ranks through the Terror. Thus one reads about Marshal M.N. Tukhachevsky, who was the general responsible in 1921 for the liquidation operations against the 50,000 "bandits" (anti-Soviet resistance farmers) of Alexander Antonov in the province of Tambov: "He pulled out all stops: the taking of hostages, executions, internment in concentration camps, extermination by poisonous gas and deportation of whole villages."

His "Order of the Day No. 171" of June 11, 1921 demanded that subordinates proceed pitilessly to shoot everyone who does not give his name or reveal hidden weapons, and to shoot hostages, treat families as bandits who had granted refuge to anti-communist fighters, and to take refugees' property or to burn down their houses.

MURDERING THE ROYAL ROMANOVS

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg

In the night of July 16-17, 1918, a squad of Bolshevik secret police murdered Russia's last emperor, Czar Nicholas II (officially also the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland), plus his wife, Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna, and their 1 4-year-old son, Czarevich Alexis. The four daughters— all grand duchesses— were also killed. They were Olga, Maria, Anastasia and Tatiana. All were cut down in a hail of gunfire in a cellar room of a house in Yekaterinburg, in the Ural Mountains region. The daughters were killed with bayonets after bullets allegedly bounced off jewels they had hidden in their corsets [Possibly a myth.] In 1990, Moscow playwright and historian Edvard Radzinsky announced the result of his detailed investigation into the murders. He unearthed the reminiscences of Lenin's bodyguard, Alexei Akimov, who recounted how he personally delivered Lenin's execution order to the telegraph office. The telegram was also signed by Soviet government chief Yakov Sverdlov. Akimov saved the original telegraph tape as a record of the secret order.

Jews Fell Under the Bolshevik Steamroller Too: Continued

One day after this Marshal Tukhachevsky added a further order:

The poison-gassing of the rebels The forests where the bandits are hiding are to be cleared by the use of poison gas. This must be carefully calculated so that the layer ofgas penetrates the forests and kills everyone hiding there. . . . The inspector of the artillery must immediately order the necessary quantities of poison gas and bring up the specialists who are competent for such operations. . . .

His "extermination order" No. 171 had to be withdrawn on July 19 on higher orders. But such brutal procedures were the usual practice at that time for Bolshevik troops and obviously also the most important reason for his later promotion to the head of the general staff of the Red Army and to marshal.

If by 1930 the Jewish section of the CC of the party had been already closed, during the process of the Yeshovina purge of 1937-38 its prominent functionaries were also arrested and soon thereafter liquidated.

Many Yevsektsia members also came under the steamroller who had held leading positions in the central and local departments of the All-Union Society for the Agricultural Resettlement of Jewish Workers as well as in the social, cultural and educational institutions of Soviet Jewry. [Vol. II, The Jews in the Soviet Union, p. 324]