Great points..
Maybe I should add a psychology& bias section in the list.

but I doubt those with strong investment in a particular claim being true would be able to do that

You are correct on that.

I chat with astronomers about clear problems in their field.
One huge problem is "magnetic reconnection" which completely breaks with all basic physics and with observations. But there are many others.

But instead of seeing the problem as it is, they just refer to someone else.
The "expert" becomes the "holy prophet".
They just copy the belief that someone else had.
Even if it clearly gets falsified in an experiment.
And bad maths and oversimplification becomes a way to proof impossible things.

The idea of inviting people to investigate theories according to logic and basic science,
is to see the quality of evidence for certain theories.
Even if they prefer other theories.
It can give you better understanding how other people may think, and how well received your theory might be.

My experiences..

I learned a lot from Architects and Engineers for 9/11 truth.
In the beginning I completely believed the idea that the towers came down due to the airplanes.
But with basic physics ans basic logic they make a very convincing case how the towers came down by demolition.
And while I did not immediately believe them, I could accept the quality of their theory.

So when something happens, I want to invite people to become an investigator.
Like a crime investigator.
And look for evidence and use logic like a crime investigator would do.
In this I am copying the method that the Architects and Engineers use.

Logical fallacies:

And the first thing on my list are the logical fallacies.
That is because the first news and first opinions that you find will contain a huge amount of logical fallacies.
You need to remove the logical fallacies before you can use any of that information.

But the logical fallacies can also show you towards what opinions you are pushed.
This can reveal the underlying agenda or narrative that the news pushes.
Or even expose some propaganda.
And if it is too revealing, it may even be reverse psychology.
(The news makes you resist more, and it is meant to work that way).
In some cases there are planted or staged stories/events to make the narrative seem even more true.
Like the group of "russian bots" that were from an agency paid by the democrats,
to make the people think that they were targeted by russia.