Syndicalism was originally an anarchic doctrine - worker self government, industrial corporatism you could call it. Georges Sorel originated this idea in its most coherent form. Later, in 19th century France, certain Boulangist and other nationalist groups, discontent with Parisian government and parliamentary democracy, adopted the theories of syndicalism while not retaining its anarchic views. Nonetheless the syndicalist, corporatist theory of government was significantly more decentralized than the bureaucratic liberal states - the communes and regions were to be largely self governing, while systems like guilds and unions would govern the economic aspects of trade and industry. You would have a multilateral system where, rather than having a single unitary state which legislated top down over the entire country, different localities and aspects of the economy would be self governing and would all have a ‘seat at the table for national decisions which affected all of them. So even though national syndicalists were not anarchists they did not have the same idea of government that the liberals, nationalists and so forth had.
The fascists also adopted these notions in Italy, though they never really implemented them. Some related movements, such as that of Engelbert Dolfuss in Austria (assassinated by the Nazis) had a theory more based on medieval society but similar in many ways.
Pierre Proudhon and Bakunin were also influential on syndicalism and national syndicalism. Bakunin considered medieval cities to be an example of anarchism (and was a Slavic nationalist and anarchist himself). Proudhon envisioned self government by workers and a decentralized federation of municipalities rather than a centralized state. The Cercle Proudhon was a fascist group influenced by Proudhon as well.
Georges Sorel, the main innovator of anarcho-Syndicalism, praised Mussolini.
Modern anarcho-syndicalists are heavily influenced by leftist, communist ideology and will not acknowledge the relationship of fascism to Bakunin, Proudhon and anarcho-Syndicalism. They hate the right, family, nations and fascists and will lie and deny any connection (Proudhon was a social conservative and supported patriarchy). Many of them don't actually read the founders of anarchism or just ignore the things they don't like. But there is an intimate connection between anarchism and fascism, and also between the libertarian right (who admire medieval society) and the corporatist ideas that influenced fascism.
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